Flipped Class Activity: The Ministry of Utmost Happiness

Greetings, Everyone!! This blog is based on a thinking activity that reflects a flipped learning task based on an overview of Arundhati Roy's well-known novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness.

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For the Biographical Information on Arundhati Roy CLICK HERE

 

> Let's discuss the important aspects of all six videos:

Part:1

Arundhati Roy's novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness reflects the characters' introspection stories and deals with some major themes, such as Marginalization, Identity Crisis, and Social Struggles. As discussed in the given video, the novel deals with the five worlds,

1. Khwabgah
2. Jannat Graveyard (Paradise)
3. Jantar Mantar
4. Kashmir World
5. Dandakaranya

The novel begins with a surreal, magical realism tone in a graveyard. It opens with a mysterious character, Anjum, living among graves, creating a haunting yet thought-provoking setting.

The opening sentence is like, "She lived in the Graveyard like a tree." 

(Here in the opening part readers might have confusing thoughts about who is she and if she becomes a tree in the graveyard or in which kind of thought Roy has started the novel.)

In further reading of the opening part, we came to know that She means the character of 'Anjum' is that tree which is there actually turns into Anjum.  

Moreover, The story then takes us into Anjum’s past, revealing that she was born as Aftab, a hermaphrodite [intersex or Third gender(who are not considered male or female)], and raised in Old Delhi. Anjum’s parents were initially overjoyed at having a son but later discovered Aftab had both male and female genitalia, which led to a complex emotional journey for the family.

Especially the thought-provoking reactions of 'Jahanara Begum' highlighted in the video are,

• To feel her heart constrict and her bones turn to ash.
• To take another look to make sure she was not mistaken.
• To recoil from what she had created while her powers convulsed and the stream ran down her legs.
• To contemplate killing herself and her child.
• To pick her baby up and hold him close while she fell through a between the world she knew.

Anjum's transformation in the novel gives a deep understanding of third-gender identities. It breaks stereotypes and helps readers feel empathy for marginalized communities.

As Aftab grows, he identifies more with the feminine side and eventually joins the Khwabgah which is symbolized as 'Sapano ki Duniya', a community of hijras (third-gender individuals). The Khwabgah represents a space of belonging for people marginalized by society. Anjum’s life at Khwabgah is filled with relationships, rivalries, and struggles. Her transformation from Aftab to Anjum symbolizes her quest for identity in a world that often erases or misunderstands non-binary people.

One of the significant events is Anjum finding an abandoned baby girl, Zainab, whom she raises as her daughter. This act fulfils Anjum’s desire for motherhood, despite societal expectations. However, during the 2002 Gujarat riots, Anjum experiences immense trauma when a close friend is killed, and she barely escapes death. This event deeply changes her perspective on life.

Following this trauma, Anjum leaves Khwabgah and moves to a graveyard, where she starts a guesthouse called "Jannat Guest House" (Paradise Guest House). Over time, this graveyard becomes a unique sanctuary for outcasts, symbolizing life and death coexisting in harmony. The novel explores themes of identity, belonging, trauma, and resilience through Anjum’s journey.

Arundhati Roy's historical and social commentary into the post-modernist narrative, including discussions on gender, politics, religion, and the erasure of marginalized histories. The novel critiques societal norms and highlights the struggles of those living on the fringes of society.

Part:2

This part of the novel introduces a new storyline of characters and events, focusing on a protest site in Delhi called Jantar Mantar, a symbolic space where people gather to raise their voices against injustice.

One of the key characters introduced is Saddam Hussain. Saddam Hussein’s character critiques corruption in healthcare and job agencies. He used to work at a government hospital handling dead bodies, a job typically done by Dalits or Chamar and lower-caste people. His real name is Dayachand, and he reveals that he belonged to Hariyana he took a Muslim name after witnessing his father’s brutal murder by a mob for handling cow carcasses. His deep anger and desire for revenge against those responsible drive his story arc.

Saddam meets Anjum (formerly Aftab) at the graveyard, and they become close. The graveyard, now known as Jannat Guest House, becomes a home for outcasts like Anjum, Saddam, and others.

The narrative then shifts to Jantar Mantar, a protest site where people from different parts of India gather to demand justice. The protests include such as:

• Kashmiri mothers searching for their missing loved ones.
• Manipuri women protesting against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA).
• Survivors of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy seeking justice.
• People demanding Hindi as the national language.

Amidst the protests, a surprising event occurs — a baby is found abandoned at the protest site. Anjum wants to take care of the baby, but others argue that hijras (third-gender individuals) shouldn't raise children. The situation escalates when the police get involved, but before a resolution, the baby mysteriously disappears, leaving everyone puzzled.

This section of the novel highlights themes of social injustice, caste discrimination, communal violence, and the power of protest. It also critiques corruption and how the media selectively amplifies certain issues while ignoring others.

In the end, the story transitions towards Kashmir, setting up the next part of the narrative.

Part:3

The third part of The Ministry of Utmost Happiness takes readers to Kashmir and the Dandakaranya forest, introducing new characters and their struggles. The story is narrated by a character called the Landlord, an officer from the Intelligence Bureau, who tells the story in the first person.

One of the key characters is Musa, a peaceful man who becomes a militant after losing his wife, Arifa, and daughter, Zainab, in a military raid. The novel describes their deaths in heartbreaking detail, showing how personal loss can push people into violence. The story also explores the role of Captain Amrith Singh, a cruel army officer, to show how both the state’s brutality and personal revenge keep the conflict in Kashmir going. Amrith Singh eventually becomes paranoid and takes his own life, revealing the mental toll on soldiers involved in violent conflicts.

The mysterious character Tilothama links many of the characters in the story. She is the one who rescued the lost baby from Jantar Mantar and named her Udaya Jebeen. Tilothama later brings the child to Jannat Guesthouse, connecting this part of the story with earlier events.

The narrative then moves to the Dandakaranya forest, focusing on Maoist rebels who fight against the exploitation of tribal communities. Through a letter from Revathy, a Maoist activist, the novel uncovers the harsh realities faced by women in conflict zones. Revathy reveals that her daughter was born after she was raped by six policemen, adding to the tragic stories of survival and resilience.

This section connects personal pain with larger political issues across India. It shows how violence and oppression affect marginalized groups, from Kashmir to forest communities. The characters — like Anjum, Musa, and Revathy — continue to resist injustice, despite their suffering. The part ends with new information about the baby’s origins, leaving the reader curious about how the story will conclude.

Part:4

The story ends with a message of hope, unity, and resilience, centred around Dr. Azad Bhartiya, who brings together all the scattered characters. Saddam marries Miss Udaya Jebeen, and they live at Jannat Guest House, where Tilo teaches. Musa, who still loves Tilo, spends his final night at the guest house before returning to Kashmir, knowing he won’t come back. During their time together, Tilo shares her thoughts on identity, storytelling, and Urdu poetry, which deeply moves Musa. His mind drifts to a tragic story from Kashmir, reflecting the constant mix of hope and sorrow in their lives.

Anjum, the transgender owner of Jannat Guest House, finds peace in her quiet moments with Miss Jebeen, the child she cares for. They walk through the graveyard, symbolizing a simple, calm life amid the chaos of love, loss, and war.

The story ends with a sense of survival and continuity. The image of a dung beetle at work symbolizes that, despite life’s hardships, there’s always a way forward. The novel leaves readers with a feeling that, even after pain and struggles, things will eventually get better.

Part:5

1. The Nature of Paradise

The novel explores the idea of creating one’s own paradise on Earth. The Jannat Guest House symbolizes a place where outcasts can live in harmony. Through this setting, Roy challenges the notion that paradise is an afterlife destination, suggesting instead that it is something people must build through compassion, inclusivity, and shared struggles. The story highlights how marginalized individuals seek to create a better world despite societal divisions and hardships.

2. The Importance of Ambiguity and Diversity

Roy presents ambiguity and diversity as central themes through characters like Anjum, who embodies both male and female traits. The novel stresses that living with differences—whether in gender, religion, or culture—is essential but difficult. By portraying various perspectives and truths, the narrative shows that diversity enriches human experiences, though coexistence often requires empathy and understanding of conflicting beliefs and lifestyles.

3. The Cost of Modernization

The novel critiques the cost of modernization, showing how development projects displace poor communities and disrupt traditional ways of life. Characters like Anjum, who settles in a graveyard, symbolize those who lose their homes due to urban expansion. Roy emphasizes that modernization often comes at the expense of marginalized people, who pay the price for the comfort of the wealthy. The narrative questions the fairness of progress when it leads to social inequality.

4. The Boundaries Between Life and Death

The novel blurs the line between life and death, suggesting they are not opposites but interconnected aspects of existence. Through the graveyard setting and the frequent mention of burials, Roy shows that death is a natural part of life’s cycle. The narrative highlights how people die emotionally or spiritually many times throughout their lives and how resilience can bring them back to life. Death is portrayed as both an end and a new beginning.

5. How and Why Stories Are Told

The novel’s fragmented structure reflects the complexity of storytelling. Roy’s narrative jumps between periods, switches between first- and third-person narration, and includes various documents, emphasizing that some stories can only be told in a non-linear and shattered way. This structure mirrors the fragmented lives of the characters. Tilo’s statement, “How to tell a shattered story? By slowly becoming everything,” underscores the need to embrace all perspectives to fully understand broken stories.

6. Social Status in Contemporary India

The novel critiques social hierarchy and explores the marginalization of communities such as Dalits, Muslims, and tribal groups. Roy shows how capitalism and modernization deepen social divides, with wealth becoming a major determinant of social status. The characters’ struggles highlight the contrast between the privileged and the marginalized, revealing how social structures often exclude those who don’t fit societal norms, making it difficult for them to achieve dignity and equality.

7. Corruption, Political Violence, and Capitalism

The novel highlights corruption and violence in both the state and insurgent groups, critiquing how capitalism prioritizes profit over human lives. Roy shows that corrupt practices exist in government institutions, militant organizations, and businesses, often exploiting the poor. The narrative warns against the dangers of unchecked power and the commercialization of human needs. It also questions the morality of political leaders who manipulate religious and nationalistic sentiments for personal gain.

8. Resilience and Hope

Despite the novel’s portrayal of violence and suffering, Roy presents a theme of resilience and hope. Characters like Anjum, Musa, and Saddam endure personal tragedies but continue to seek meaning and happiness. The dung beetle, a symbol of survival, shows that life continues even in harsh conditions. The birth of Miss Udaya Jebeen symbolizes the hope for a new generation that might overcome the struggles of the past and build a better future.

9. Gender Identity, Social Division, and Coexistence

Roy explores gender identity through Anjum, who defies traditional gender roles by living as a third-gender person. The novel challenges the gender binary and emphasizes the need for coexistence despite social divisions. By portraying Anjum’s journey, Roy invites readers to embrace differences rather than fear them. The narrative shows that peace and harmony can only be achieved by accepting and respecting various identities and beliefs, rather than trying to erase them.

10. Social Hierarchy vs. Social Inclusivity

The novel critiques social hierarchy and promotes social inclusivity. Characters from various marginalized backgrounds come together at Jannat Guest House, creating a safe space where all are accepted. Roy challenges the societal norms that uphold power structures, showing how communities can thrive when they embrace diversity and equality. The story advocates for a world where everyone, regardless of caste, religion, or gender, has a place and is treated with dignity.

11. Religion and Power

Roy critiques the dangerous relationship between religion and political power, showing how religious beliefs are often used to justify violence and oppression. The novel portrays the lack of separation between religion and state as a threat to freedom and safety. Through characters like Professor Abdullah and religious extremists, Roy highlights the dangers of religious extremism and how political leaders manipulate faith for their own gain, leading to conflict and suffering.

Part:6

1. Jannat Guest House

The Jannat Guest House symbolizes a utopian space of harmony and inclusivity. Created in a graveyard, it blurs the boundary between life and death, offering a safe haven for society’s outcasts. It represents the idea that paradise can be built on Earth through compassion and coexistence, contrasting with societal violence.

2. Duniya and Jannat

Duniya (world) and Jannat (paradise) represent the contrast between harsh realities and hopeful possibilities. The graveyard becomes Jannat Guest House, a space where people seek peace amid chaos. The novel suggests that paradise is not an afterlife reward but something people must create in the world through unity and resilience.

3. Motherhood

Motherhood symbolizes both personal and national struggles. Anjum’s desire to be a mother reflects marginalized people’s need for belonging. The novel also critiques the use of Bharat Mata (Mother India) as a nationalist symbol, highlighting how such rhetoric often leads to exclusion and violence in the name of protecting the “motherland.”

4. Vultures

Vultures symbolize environmental and societal decay. Once essential for disposing of animal carcasses, they have vanished due to modernization. Their disappearance reflects the decline of traditional practices and the negative impacts of industrialization. Vultures also metaphorically represent marginalized groups threatened by social and economic changes.

5. Bodies and Waste

The novel uses bodies and waste to challenge societal norms. Anjum’s act of urinating in public symbolizes reclaiming agency over spaces deemed unclean. Internal organs, like kidneys and lungs, are portrayed as disconnected, reflecting the inner fragmentation of characters traumatized by societal violence.

6. Shuttered Cinema Halls

Cinema halls in Kashmir symbolize cultural conflict. Militants shut down cinemas to resist Indian cultural influence. These spaces later become interrogation centres for the military, illustrating how places of entertainment and community can transform into sites of oppression and fear due to political turmoil.

7. Refuse and Internal Organs

The use of waste and internal organs highlights the societal rejection of marginalized individuals. Saddam, a Dalit, disposes of cow carcasses, reflecting his community’s exclusion. Internal organs speaking to each other symbolize the fractured identities of traumatized individuals who struggle to reconcile their inner selves with the external world.

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Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

Greetings, Everyone. This blog is part of a thinking activity on 'Plagiarism and Academic Integrity' assigned by Prakruti Ma'am Bhatt.

# Introduction of Plagiarism:-

Plagiarism is a serious ethical offence involving using someone else's intellectual work—ideas, words, or creative output—without giving proper credit to the original creator. It is often considered a breach of academic integrity and professional ethics, with implications that extend across academic, literary, artistic, and digital fields. Plagiarism can take many forms, from direct copying and pasting of content to paraphrasing without citation, or even self-plagiarism, where one reuses their previous work without acknowledgement. In an era where digital information is easily accessible, plagiarism has become more pervasive, posing challenges to originality and creative ownership. However, addressing plagiarism is not merely preventing dishonesty; it also involves fostering a culture of ethical writing, critical thinking, and respect for intellectual property. Understanding the nuances of plagiarism is crucial in promoting academic honesty and ensuring that innovation and scholarship continue to thrive on the foundations of trust and authenticity.

1. Explain the term Plagiarism and discuss its forms.

• Understanding Plagiarism: A Threat to Intellectual Integrity

Plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagiarius, meaning "kidnapper," which metaphorically signifies the theft of ideas or intellectual property. In academic, creative, and professional circles, plagiarism is a significant ethical violation that undermines trust, credibility, and the integrity of intellectual work. It occurs when someone presents another person’s ideas, words, or research as their own without proper acknowledgement, thereby erasing the original creator’s contribution. The issue of plagiarism is not confined to copying text; it extends to paraphrasing ideas, reusing one’s own previously published work (self-plagiarism), and even using unauthorized sources in multimedia, such as images, music, or code. In essence, plagiarism is the theft of intellectual property, which can have legal, academic, and professional repercussions.

The rise of digital technology has made information easily accessible, thereby increasing the temptation to plagiarize. With millions of academic articles, essays, and creative content available online, the line between inspiration and intellectual theft has become blurred. However, technological advancements have also led to the development of plagiarism detection tools, which are widely used in academic institutions to ensure originality in student submissions. The academic world views plagiarism as a serious offence that can result in disciplinary actions, including failure in courses, suspension, or even expulsion from institutions. In professional settings, plagiarism can damage reputations, lead to lawsuits, and result in a loss of credibility, making it a significant concern across industries.

At its core, the battle against plagiarism is about fostering a culture of intellectual honesty and respect for creative ownership. It is not just about avoiding penalties but about contributing to a system of ethical scholarship where original ideas are valued and credited. Educators and researchers emphasize the importance of proper citation practices, critical thinking, and ethical research methods to combat the growing issue of plagiarism. By understanding the importance of originality and intellectual integrity, individuals can ensure that their work contributes meaningfully to the broader philosophical community without undermining the contributions of others.

# FORMS OF PLAGIARISM:-

The most blatant form of plagiarism is to obtain and submit as your own a paper written by someone else. Other, less conspicuous forms of plagiarism include the failure to give appropriate acknowledgement when repeating or paraphrasing another's wording, when taking a particularly apt phrase, and when paraphrasing another's argument or presenting another's line of thinking.

1. Repeating or Paraphrasing Wording

This form of plagiarism involves copying words or phrases from a source with minor changes in structure or vocabulary but without proper acknowledgement. Even if the wording is slightly altered, it is still considered plagiarism if the original source is not cited.

Example:

Original text from a book:

"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world." – Nelson Mandela

Plagiarized version:

"Education is a powerful tool that can be used to transform the world."

In this case, the writer has altered a few words but retained the core idea and phrasing. Since the source is not credited, it is plagiarism.

How to Avoid:

• Use proper citation even if you change the wording.
• Clearly distinguish your own thoughts from those taken from a source.
• If the wording is too close to the original, use quotation marks and provide a citation.

2. Taking a Particularly Apt Phrase

This occurs when a writer borrows a unique or memorable phrase from a source without giving credit. A particularly apt phrase is distinct, creative, and associated with the original author. Such phrases, if reused, require attribution to the original source.

Example:

Original phrase:

"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet." – William Shakespeare

Plagiarized version:

"A flower by any name would smell just as sweet."

Even though the writer has changed some words, the phrase remains uniquely Shakespearean. Without proper acknowledgement, this counts as plagiarism.

How to Avoid:

• When borrowing a unique phrase, use quotation marks and cite the source.
• Avoid using phrases that are distinctly associated with another author unless you plan to analyze or reference them directly.

3. Paraphrasing an Argument or Presenting a Line of Thinking

This form of plagiarism involves taking the core ideas or arguments of another author and presenting them in your own words without giving credit. Even if the exact words are not copied, using another person’s reasoning, structure, or conclusion without acknowledgement is plagiarism.

Example:

Original argument:

In The Republic, Plato argues that justice in a state is achieved when each class performs its designated role without interfering in the roles of others.

Plagiarized version:

A society can only function well when people stick to their own tasks and avoid meddling in the duties of others.

Although the words have been changed, the underlying argument and line of thinking are directly borrowed from Plato. Without citation, this is plagiarism.

How to Avoid:

• When paraphrasing an idea, always credit the original author.
• Include a citation even if you have summarized the argument in your own words.
• Ensure that your work reflects your own interpretation and insights in addition to the cited ideas.

2. In your opinion, why is Academic Integrity necessary?

Academic integrity refers to the ethical code of conduct in academia that emphasizes honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility in the production of knowledge. It requires students, researchers, and educators to uphold these values by producing original work, giving credit to others’ ideas, and avoiding misconduct such as plagiarism and cheating. Academic integrity is essential for fostering a culture of trust, respect, and accountability in educational institutions and society at large. This essay explores the importance of academic integrity, its impact on students and institutions, and the broader implications for society.

1. Promotes Intellectual Growth and Learning

Academic integrity is crucial because it fosters an environment that encourages genuine intellectual growth and learning. When students adhere to academic integrity, they take ownership of their education by engaging in critical thinking, problem-solving, and knowledge creation. They learn to evaluate information, develop arguments, and present their ideas ethically.

Cheating or plagiarizing undermines the learning process. When students copy someone else's work, they miss out on the opportunity to develop their skills and knowledge. This not only hampers their academic progress but also affects their future career prospects. Genuine learning involves grappling with complex ideas, making mistakes, and learning from them. Academic integrity ensures that students engage fully in this process, thereby promoting intellectual growth.

2. Builds Trust and Credibility

Academic integrity is essential for building trust and credibility within educational institutions. When students and educators uphold ethical standards, they create a culture of trust where everyone’s contributions are valued and respected. Trust is the foundation of any academic community, and it allows for the free exchange of ideas and knowledge.

For institutions, maintaining academic integrity is crucial for their reputation and credibility. Universities and colleges that uphold high standards of integrity are recognized for their commitment to excellence and ethical conduct. This reputation attracts talented students, faculty, and researchers who want to be part of a community that values honesty and integrity. On the other hand, institutions that fail to address academic misconduct risk losing their credibility and respect in the academic world.

3. Encourages Ethical Research Practices

Academic integrity is vital for maintaining ethical research practices. Researchers are expected to contribute original ideas and findings to their fields of study. They must ensure that their work is accurate, transparent, and free from bias. Upholding academic integrity ensures that research is conducted ethically, and the results are reliable and trustworthy.

When researchers engage in misconduct, such as fabricating data or plagiarizing, they compromise the integrity of their work and the credibility of their field. Unethical research practices can have far-reaching consequences, including the spread of misinformation, harm to individuals and communities, and a loss of public trust in academia.

By adhering to academic integrity, researchers contribute to the advancement of knowledge in a responsible and ethical manner. This not only benefits their field of study but also society as a whole, as reliable research leads to innovations and solutions to real-world problems.

4. Prepares Students for the Professional World

Academic integrity is not only important in educational settings but also in professional life. Employers value individuals who demonstrate honesty, accountability, and ethical behavior. Students who uphold academic integrity are more likely to carry these values into their careers, where ethical conduct is crucial for success and reputation.

In the professional world, plagiarism, dishonesty, and unethical behavior can have serious consequences, including legal repercussions, damage to one’s career, and loss of trust from colleagues and clients. Upholding academic integrity during one’s education prepares students to navigate ethical challenges in their professional lives and make responsible decisions.

For example, journalists are expected to report facts accurately and give credit to their sources. Scientists must conduct experiments ethically and report their findings honestly. In business, professionals must adhere to ethical practices in financial reporting, marketing, and customer relations. Academic integrity instills these values in students, preparing them to be ethical and responsible professionals.

5. Prevents Academic Misconduct

Academic misconduct, such as plagiarism, cheating, and falsifying data, undermines the integrity of educational institutions and the value of academic qualifications. Upholding academic integrity helps prevent these unethical practices and ensures that academic achievements are earned through genuine effort and hard work.

Plagiarism, for example, involves using someone else's ideas or work without proper acknowledgment. This is a form of intellectual theft and is considered a serious offense in academia. By promoting academic integrity, institutions educate students about the importance of giving credit to others and respecting intellectual property rights.

Cheating during exams or assignments also compromises the fairness of the academic system. It gives an unfair advantage to those who cheat, while honest students are disadvantaged. Academic integrity ensures that all students are evaluated fairly based on their own efforts and abilities.

6. Enhances Personal Growth and Moral Development

Upholding academic integrity contributes to personal growth and moral development. When students commit to honesty and accountability, they develop a strong sense of ethics and responsibility. These values are essential for becoming well-rounded individuals who contribute positively to society.

Academic integrity also teaches students the importance of perseverance and resilience. Completing assignments and projects ethically, even when faced with challenges, builds character and fosters a growth mindset. Students learn that success is achieved through hard work, dedication, and ethical behavior, rather than taking shortcuts.

Furthermore, academic integrity promotes self-respect and self-esteem. Students who achieve academic success through their own efforts feel a sense of pride and accomplishment. They know that their achievements are a result of their hard work and integrity, which boosts their confidence and motivation.

7. Contributes to a Fair and Just Society

Academic integrity has broader societal implications. When individuals uphold ethical standards in their academic and professional lives, they contribute to a fair and just society. Integrity in academia promotes the values of honesty, fairness, and accountability, which are essential for building trust and cooperation in society.

A society that values academic integrity is more likely to foster innovation, creativity, and progress. Ethical academic practices lead to reliable research, which informs policies, advancements, and solutions to societal challenges. When individuals act with integrity, they inspire others to do the same, creating a positive ripple effect in society.

Conversely, a lack of academic integrity can have negative consequences for society. Misinformation, unethical behavior, and a lack of accountability can erode public trust in institutions and hinder progress. Upholding academic integrity ensures that knowledge is created, shared, and applied ethically, for the benefit of all.

8. Legal and Ethical Responsibility

Academic integrity is also a legal and ethical responsibility. Plagiarism and copyright infringement are violations of intellectual property rights and can result in legal consequences. Students and researchers have a responsibility to respect the rights of others by giving credit where it is due and avoiding misconduct.

Educational institutions have to uphold academic integrity by providing clear guidelines and policies on ethical behavior. They must also take appropriate action when academic misconduct occurs, to ensure that ethical standards are maintained. Adhering to academic integrity is not only about avoiding legal consequences but also about doing what is morally right. It reflects an individual’s commitment to honesty, fairness, and respect for others' contributions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, academic integrity is necessary for fostering a culture of trust, respect, and accountability in academia and beyond. It promotes intellectual growth, ethical research practices, and personal development while preparing students for the professional world. Academic integrity ensures that academic achievements are earned through genuine effort and hard work, contributing to a fair and just society. Upholding academic integrity is a legal and ethical responsibility that benefits individuals, institutions, and society as a whole. By promoting honesty, accountability, and respect, academic integrity lays the foundation for a more ethical and responsible world.

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